PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND ANTI-ULCER EVALUATIONS OF CASSIA SIEBERIANA D.C. (FABACEAE) ROOT
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ABSTRACT
Cassia sieberiana D.C. (Fabaceae) though widely used in traditional medicine as an analgesic in dysmenorrhoea, ulcer and general body pains, there is no published report on it standardization. Pharmacognostic evaluation of the root will therefore assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification of the plant drug. Evaluation of fresh and powdered root of this plant was carried out to determine its pharmacognostical profile, including macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical and quantitative parameters. Chemical profile of the root was also determined using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The safety profile of the root was determined using acute toxicity testing. Whereas the anti-ulcer properties of the ethanol root extract was determined using ethanol induction model in laboratory rats. The root was found to be cylindrical in shape, brown in colour, with characteristics odour and very bitter taste when chewed. When the root was cut transversely it revealed the presence of cork cells, narrow cortex, beneath which is a layer of parenchyma cells, prominent vessels, biserate medullary rays and small pith. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignified cell wall were present. Calcium oxalate crystals are prisms in shape, measuring 19.29 ± 1.4 µm. Starch grains are oval in shape measuring 10.64 ± 0.82 µm. Moisture content was found to be 6.2 ± 0.3 (%w/w), total ash was 5.8 ± 0.43 (%w/w), acid-insoluble ash was 1.0 ± 0.24 (%w/w), water-soluble ash was 3.5 ± 0.24 (%w/w), alcohol soluble extractive was 12.0 ± 0.47 (%w/w), water soluble extractive was 6.0 ± 0.47 (%w/w), Swelling index was 3.5 ± 0.00 (%w/w),foaming index was less than 100,tannins content, was 39 (%w/w), Bitterness value, was 8400 unit/g. Phytochemical constituents include anthraquinones, flavonoid, saponins, steroid/terpenoids, tannins, and cardiac glycoside.Oral LD50 value was above 5000mg/kg and the tested rats did not show any clinical sign of toxicity with oral administration of the extracts. The mean ulcer indices viii calculated were found to be 15.2 ± 0.68, 4.6± 0.21, 0.0±0.0 for ethyl acetate fraction and 10.27 ± 0.46, 1.4 ± 0.06 for butanol at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg respectively when compared with 53. 8 ± 2.40 mg/kg in ethanol treated rats. At 800 mg/kg the preventive index% for ethyl acetate fraction was 100% and butanol fraction was 97%, these were found to be higher than cimetidine standard drugs with 88% preventive index. The roots of C.sieberiana produced significantly and dose dependently anti-ulcer activity. Therefore C. sieberiana root could bedeveloped as anti- ulcer drugs and can also be incorporated into the second editions of the Nigeria Herbal Pharmacopoeia (NHP) and the West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia (WAHP).
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